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- <text id=93CT1713>
- <link 90TT1286>
- <title>
- Gabon--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southern Africa
- Gabon
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The Gabonese are descendants of numerous Bantu ethnic groups
- that came to the area from several directions during the past
- 700 years to escape enemies or find new land. Isolated in the
- dense forests, they retained their own cultures. The most
- recent movement occurred in the early 19th century, when the
- Fang fought their way to the coast after hearing that European
- traders had arrived. Little is known of tribal life before
- European contact, but the force and beauty of much tribal art
- suggest a rich cultural heritage.
- </p>
- <p> Gabon's first European visitors were Portuguese merchants
- who arrived in the 15th century and named the country after the
- Portuguese word gabao, a coat with sleeve and hood resembling
- the shape of the Como River estuary. Dutch, British, and French
- traders came in the 16th century. France assumed the status of
- protector by signing treaties with Gabonese coastal chiefs in
- 1839 and 1841. American missionaries from New England
- established a mission at Baraka (Libreville) in 1842. In 1849,
- the French captured a slave ship and released the passengers at
- the mouth of the Como River. The slaves named their settlement
- Libreville-"free town." Various French explorers penetrated
- Gabon's dense jungles between 1862-87. The most famous one,
- Savorgnan de Brazza, used Gabonese bearers and guides in his
- searches for the headwaters of the Congo River.
- </p>
- <p> France occupied Gabon in 1885 but did not administer it
- until 1903. In 1910, it became one of the four territories of
- French Equatorial Africa, a federation that survived until 1959.
- The territories became independent in 1960 as the Central
- African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> At the time of Gabon's independence, there were two
- principal political parties: the Bloc Democratique Gabonais
- (BDG), led by Leon M'Ba, and the Union Democratique et Sociale
- Gabonaise (UDSG), led by J.H. Aubame. In the first post
- independence election, held under a parliamentary system,
- neither party was able to win a majority. However, the BDG
- succeeded in obtaining the support of three of the four
- independent legislative deputies, and M'Ba was named prime
- minister.
- </p>
- <p> It was soon decided that Gabon did not have enough trained
- people to support a two-party system, and the two party leaders
- agreed on a single list of candidates. In the February 1961
- election, held under the new presidential system, Prime
- Minister M'Ba became president, and Aubame became foreign
- minister.
- </p>
- <p> This one-party system appeared to work well until February
- 1963, when the larger BDG element forced the UDSG members to
- choose between a merger of the parties or resignation. The UDSG
- cabinet ministers resigned, and President M'Ba called for new
- elections held on February 23, 1964, for a reduced number of
- National Assembly deputies (from 67 to 47).
- </p>
- <p> The UDSG could not muster a list of candidates able to meet
- the requirements of the electoral decrees, and when it seemed
- that the elections would go to the BDG by default, the Gabonese
- military revolted and toppled the M'Ba government in a
- bloodless coup on February 18, 1964. French military forces
- intervened to reestablish M'Ba's government the following day.
- Elections were held on April 12 with many opposition
- participants. BDG-supported lists won 31 seats; opposition
- lists, 16.
- </p>
- <p> Late in 1966, the constitution was revised to provide for
- automatic succession of the vice president should the president
- die in office. On March 19, 1967, Leon M'Ba and Omar Bongo
- (then Albert Bongo) were elected president and vice president.
- President M'Ba died on November 28, 1967, and Omar Bongo became
- president. He was elected president in February 1975, and
- reelected in December 1979 and again in November 1986 to 7-year
- terms. In April 1975, the office of vice president was
- abolished and replaced by the office of prime minister. The
- prime minister, unlike the vice president, has no right to
- automatic succession.
- </p>
- <p> In March 1968, President Bongo declared Gabon a one-party
- state by dissolving the BDG and establishing a new party, the
- Gabonese Democratic (Parti Democratique Gabonais-PDG). He
- invited all Gabonese, regardless of their past political
- affiliations, to participate.
- </p>
- <p> The goal of the PDG is to submerge the regional and tribal
- rivalries that have divided Gabonese politics in the past and
- to forge a single national movement in support of the
- government's development policies.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- July 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-